Cyber espionage is the use of digital techniques, including malware, phishing, and network intrusion, to secretly access and steal confidential information from governments, corporations, or individuals. Unlike cybercrime motivated by financial gain, cyber espionage is primarily driven by the desire to gather intelligence, gain a competitive advantage, or support geopolitical objectives. It is carried out by nation-state actors, state-sponsored hacker groups, or corporate spies operating covertly over extended periods.